Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (dga1) polynucleotides, and methods of increasing yeast cell lipid production by overexpression of heterologous dga1

ABSTRACT

DGA1 catalyzes the final enzymatic step for converting acyl-CoA and 1,2-diacylglycerol to triacylglycerols (TAG) and CoA in yeast. Disclosed are methods for expression in an oleaginous yeast host of polynucleotide sequences encoding DGA1 from  Rhodosporidium toruloides, Lipomyces starkeyi, Aurantiochytrium limacinum, Aspergillus terreus , or  Claviceps purpurea . Also described herein are engineered recombinant host cells of  Yarrowia lipolytica  comprising heterologous DGA1 polynucleotides encoding DGA1 proteins, or functionally active portions thereof, having the capability of producing increased lipid production and possessing the characteristic of enhanced glucose consumption efficiency.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/288,544 filed on Feb. 28, 2019, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 15/120,952, filed Aug. 23, 2016, which is a § 371 national stage application based on PCT/US15/17227, filed Feb. 24, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/943,664, filed Feb. 24, 2014; the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing, which has been submitted via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on May 16, 2022, is named GBB-72503_SL.txt and is 47,267 bytes in size.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The field of the invention is genetic engineering of oleaginous and/or high-temperature-tolerant yeast. The overexpression in yeasts of polynucleotides encoding heterologous DGA1, e.g., taken from Rhodosporidium toruloides, Lipomyces starkeyi, Aurantiochytrium limacinum, Aspergillus terreus, or Claviceps purpurea, results in engineered strains of yeast cells, such as Yarrowia lipolytica, capable of efficiently producing lipids in high concentrations.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Lipids have multiple industrial applications, including applications in the cosmetic and food industries, as well as serving as precursors for biodiesel and various biochemicals.

Microbial lipids are produced by many oleaginous organisms, including the yeast Y. lipolytica (Beopoulos A, et al. Y. lipolytica as a model for bio-oil production. Prog Lipid Res. 2009 Nov;48(6):375-87). Lipid yield in oleaginous organisms can be increased by up-regulating and/or down-regulating or deleting genes implicated in the lipid pathway (Tai M, et al. Engineering the push and pull of lipid biosynthesis in oleaginous yeast Y. lipolytica for biofuel production. Metab Eng. 2013 January;15:1-9; Beopoulos A, et al. Control of lipid accumulation in the yeast Y. lipolytica. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 December; 74(24): 7779-7789). For example, it was reported that up-regulation of native Y. lipolytica DGA1 significantly increased lipid yield and productivity (Tai M, et al. Metab Eng. 2013 January;15:1-9). DGA1 (diacylglycerol acyltransferase) is one of the key components of the lipid pathway involved in the final step of synthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG), which is a major component of lipids (Beopoulos A, et al. Identification and characterization of DGA2, an acyltransferase of the DGAT1 acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase family in the oleaginous yeast Y. lipolytica. New insights into the storage lipid metabolism of oleaginous yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012 February;93(4):1523-37). The Tai 2013 publication disclosed data suggesting that DGA1 efficiency may be a significant factor that is critical for high level of lipid accumulation in oleaginous organisms. Besides manipulation of homologous genes, heterologous genes also may be introduced into the host genome and have significant effect on lipid production and composition (Courchesne NM, et al. Enhancement of lipid production using biochemical, genetic and transcription factor engineering approaches. J Biotechnol. 2009 Apr 20 141(1-2):31-41). Further, other oleaginous yeast, such as R. toruloides and L. starkeyi, are able to accumulate significantly more lipids compared to the wild-type Y. lipolytica strains (Sitepu IR, et al. Manipulation of culture conditions alters lipid content and fatty acid profiles of a wide variety of known and new oleaginous yeast species.

Bioresour Technol. 2013 September;144:360-9; Liang M H, et al. Advancing oleaginous microorganisms to produce lipid via metabolic engineering technology. Prog Lipid Res. 2013 Oct; 52(4):395-408; Ageitos JM, et al. Oily yeasts as oleaginous cell factories. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 May; 90(4):1219-27; Papanikolaou S, et al. Lipids of oleaginous yeasts. Part I: Biochemistry of single cell oil production. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 2011 June; 113(8):1031-1051; Pan LX, et al. Isolation of Oleaginous Yeasts, Food Technol. Biotechnol. 2009 47(2):215-220; Ratledge C, et al. The biochemistry and molecular biology of lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms. Adv Appl Microbiol. 2002 51:1-51; Kaneko H, et al. Lipid composition of 30 species of yeast. Lipids. 1976 Dec;11(12):837-44). Despite efforts to increase lipid yield in Y. lipolytica by overexpression of heterologous DGA1 from Mortierella alpine, no significant effect on lipid production levels has been reported (U.S. Pat. No. 7,198,937).

Remarkably, Applicants have solved the long-standing problem by overexpressing polynucleotides encoding DGA1 from highly oleaginous organisms. These polynucleotides, when introduced in yeast, such as Y. lipolytica, created engineered yeast strains capable of increased yields of lipids compared to strains overexpressing native Y. lipolytica DGA1.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to the overexpression of polynucleotides encoding DGA1 from highly oleaginous organisms, such as Rhodosporidium toruloides, Lipomyces starkeyi, Aurantiochytrium limacinum, Aspergillus terreus, and Claviceps purpurea, in yeast, such as Y. lipolytica. The DGA1 and encoded polypeptide are useful in manipulating the production of commercially useful oils, triacylglyerols, and lipids in microorganisms, particularly yeast. Specifically, the present invention relates to increasing production of lipids in an yeast, such as Yarrowia lipolytica, by introducing heterologous DGA1 polynucleotides. Overexpression in Y. lipolytica of several DGA1 genes from the most efficient lipid-producing organisms resulted in dramatic increases in Y. lipolytica lipid production when compared to overexpression of native DGA1 in Y. lipolytica.

One aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing a recombinant yeast cell, the method comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) introducing into a yeast cell a recombinant DNA construct         comprising a heterologous polynucleotide selected from the group         consisting of:         -   i) a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide             sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO:             8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO:             16, or SEQ ID NO: 18, or a complement thereof thereof; and         -   ii) a nucleic acid molecule having at least 80% sequence             identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:             4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12,             SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, or SEQ ID NO: 18, or a             complement thereof; and     -   b) expressing a heterologous polypeptide selected from the group         consisting of:         -   i) amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO:             5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13,             SEQ ID NO: 15, or SEQ ID NO: 17, or a biologically-active             portion thereof; and         -   ii) a polypeptide having at least 80% sequence identity to             the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID             NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO:             13, SEQ ID NO: 15, or SEQ ID NO: 17, or a             biologically-active portion thereof; and     -   c) cultivating the yeast cell under conditions for increasing         lipid production.

In certain embodiments, said yeast cell is Y. lipolytica strain.

In certain embodiments, said polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid molecule having at least 95% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, and SEQ ID NO: 18.

In certain embodiments, said polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, and SEQ ID NO: 10.

In certain embodiments, said polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, and SEQ ID NO: 17.

In certain embodiments, said polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, and SEQ ID NO: 9.

Another aspect of the invention relates to an isolated host cell comprising a heterologous polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence set         forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO:         10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, or SEQ ID NO:         18, or a complement thereof; and     -   b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence         having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence         set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID         NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, or SEQ ID         NO: 18, or a complement thereof.

In certain embodiments, said polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid molecule having at least 95% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, and SEQ ID NO: 18.

In certain embodiments, said polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, and SEQ ID NO: 10.

In certain embodiments, said isolated host cell is a yeast or fungi.

In certain embodiments, said isolated host cell is yeast, and said yeast is oleaginous, high-temperature tolerant, or both.

In certain embodiments, said yeast is an oleaginous yeast cell, and said oleaginous yeast cell is selected from the group consisting of Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodosporidium babjevae, Rhodosporidium paludigenum, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lipomyces tetrasporus, Lipomyces lipofer, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus terreus, Cryptococcus ramirezgomezianus, Cryptococcus wieringae, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Trichosporon cutaneum, Cunninghamella echinulata, Mortierella isabellina, Trichosporon fermentans, Cunninghamella japonica, Aurantiochytrium limacinum, Rhizopus arrhizus, Aspergillus terreus, Claviceps purpurea, Leucosporidiella creatinivora, Tremella enchepala, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Prototheca zopfii.

In certain embodiments, said oleaginous yeast cell is Yarrowia lipolytica.

In certain embodiments, said isolated host cell is an oleaginous, high-temperature tolerant yeast cell, and said oleaginous, high-temperature tolerant yeast cell is Arxula adeniovorans.

In certain embodiments, said isolated host cell is a high-temperature tolerant yeast cell, and said high-temperature tolerant yeast cell is Kluyveromyces marxianus.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to a product produced by a modified host cell described herein.

In certain embodiments, the product is an oil, lipid, or triacylglycerol.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of increasing lipid content in a transformed host cell comprising:

-   -   a) providing a transformed host cell comprising:         -   1. a heterologous polynucleotide selected from the group             consisting of: 1. a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID             NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO:             12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, or SEQ ID NO: 18, or a             complement thereof; and         -   2. a nucleotide acid molecule having at least 80% sequence             identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:             4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12,             SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, or SEQ ID NO: 18, or a             complement thereof;     -   wherein said polynucleotide encodes a DGA1 polypeptide selected         from the group consisting of: i) amino acid sequence set forth         in SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ         ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, or SEQ ID NO: 17, or a         biologically-active portion thereof; and ii) a polypeptide         having at least 80% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence         set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID         NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, or SEQ ID         NO: 17, or a biologically-active portion thereof;     -   b) growing the cell of step (a) under conditions whereby the         nucleic acid molecule encoding DGA1 polypeptide is expressed,         resulting in the production of lipids; and     -   c) recovering the lipids of step (b).

In certain embodiments, the host cell is Y. lipolytica.

In certain embodiments, said polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid molecule having at least 95% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, and SEQ ID NO: 18.

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, and SEQ ID NO: 10.

In certain embodiments the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, and SEQ ID NO: 17.

In certain embodiments, the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, and SEQ ID NO: 9.

In certain embodiments, the isolated host cell is grown in the presence of a substrate selected from the group consisting of glucose, ethanol, xylose, sucrose, starch, starch dextrin, glycerol, cellulose, and acetic acid.

In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to a product produced from the method of increasing lipid content in a transformed host cell.

In certain embodiments, the product is an oil, lipid, or triacylglycerol.

One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The embodiments described herein are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention.

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description, drawings, and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a map of the pNC243 construct used to overexpress NG66 gene in Y. lipolytica strain NS18 (obtained from ARS Culture Collection, NRRL# YB 392). Vector pNC243 was linearized by Pacl/NotI restriction digest before transformation. “2u ori” denotes the S. cerevisiae origin of replication from 2 circle plasmid; “pMB1 ori” denotes the E. coli pMB1 origin of replication from pBR322 plasmid; “AmpR” denotes the bla gene used as marker for selection with ampicillin; “PR2” denotes the Y. lipolytica GPD1 promoter-931 to-1; “NG66” denotes the native Rhodosporidium toruloides DGA1 cDNA synthesized by GenScript; “TER1” denotes the Y. lipolytica CYC1 terminator 300 bp after stop; “PR22” denotes the S. cerevisiae TEFl promoter-412 to-1; “NG3” denotes the Streptomyces noursei Natl gene used as marker for selection with nourseothricin; “TER2” denotes the S. cerevisiae CYC1 terminator 275 bp after stop; and “Sc URA3” denotes the S. cerevisiae URA3 auxotrophic marker for selection in yeast.

FIG. 2 shows the results for a 96-well plate lipid assay for NS18 transformants with randomly integrated DGA1 genes. The DGA1 genes are described in Table 2. The Y. lipolytica NS18 strain was used as the parent strain. The expression construct used to integrate randomly DGA1 genes into NS18 genome is shown on FIG. 1 . FIG. 1 shows expression construct pNC243 with NG66. The expression constructs for all other DGA1 genes were the same as pNC243 except for the DGA1 ORF. For each construct, 8 transformants were analyzed by lipid assay. The “parent” strain NS18 was done in duplicate and the results are shown with standard deviation. The lipid assay was performed as described in Example 4. The samples were analyzed after 72 hours of cell growth in lipid-production-inducing media in a 96-well plate. The results are shown in FIG. 2 .

FIG. 3 shows the results for a shake flask lipid assay for NS18 transformants with randomly integrated NG15 gene (NS249 strain) and NG66 gene. NS249 was selected by lipid assay as the best NS18+NS15 transformant out of 50 transformants screened (data not shown). Eight NS18+NG66 transformants were selected by lipid assay out of 80 transformants screened (data not shown). The expression construct used to integrate randomly DGA1 genes into NS18 genome is shown in FIG. 1 . FIG. 1 shows expression construct pNC243 with NG66. The expression construct for NG15 gene (pNC201) was the same as pNC243 except for the DGA1 ORF. The NS249 strain was done in duplicate and the results are shown with standard deviation. The lipid assay was performed as described in Example 4. The samples were analyzed after 72 hours of cell growth in lipid-production-inducing media in shake flasks. The glucose was measured in the same samples by a standard HPLC method. The results are shown in FIG. 3 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The definitions and/or methods provided herein guide those of ordinary skill in the art in the practice of the present invention. Except where otherwise stated, terms are to be understood according to conventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art. To the extent to which any of the definitions and/or methods is found to be inconsistent with any of the definitions and/or methods provided in any patent or non-patent reference incorporated herein or in any reference found elsewhere, it is understood that the said definition and/or method which has been expressly provided/adopted in this application will be used herein. The singular terms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless context clearly indicates otherwise. Similarly, the word “or” is intended to include “and” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Hence, “comprising A or B” means including A, or B, or A and B. It is further to be understood that all base sizes or amino acid sizes, and all molecular weight or molecular mass values, given for nucleic acids or polypeptides are approximate, and are provided for description. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below.

The present invention relates to overexpressing polynucleotides encoding DGA1 derived from Rhodosporidium toruloides, Lipomyces starkeyi, Aurantiochytrium limacinum, Aspergillus terreus, or Claviceps purpurea, and corresponding polypeptides derived therefrom, in host cells, such as yeast and fungi. The yeast host cells are characterized in that they are oleaginous, high-temperature tolerant, or both. Described herein are engineered recombinant host cells of Yarrowia lipolytica comprising a heterologous DGA1 polynucleotide that encodes a DGA1 protein, or functionally active portions thereof, having the capability of increasing lipid production and possessing the characteristic of enhanced glucose efficiency. Any strains available of the host cells, e.g., Y. lipolytica, may be used in the present methods. Said recombinant host cells may be propagated to produce commercial quantities of lipids.

In the context of the present application, a number of terms used throughout the specification have the indicated meanings unless expressly indicated to have a different meaning.

As used herein, a “biologically active portion” may refer to a fragment of DGA1 having biological activity for converting acyl-CoA and 1,2-diacylglycerol to TAG and CoA in a yeast. Biologically active portions of a DGA1 include peptides or polypeptides comprising amino acid sequences sufficiently identical to or derived from the amino acid sequence of the DGA1 protein, e.g., the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17, which include fewer amino acids than the full length DGA1, and exhibit at least one activity of a DGA1 protein. Typically, biologically active portions comprise a domain or motif having the catalytic activity of converting acyl-CoA and 1,2-diacylglycerol to TAG and CoA. A biologically active portion of a DGA1 protein can be a polypeptide which is, for example, 278 amino acids in length.

The DGA1 may have an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17. In other embodiments, the DGA1 is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17, and retains the functional activity of the protein of SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17, yet differs in amino acid sequence due to natural allelic variation or mutagenesis. In another embodiment, the DGA1 protein comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 80%, 82%, 84%, 85%, 87%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more identical to SEQID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7,9, 11, 13, 15, or 17.

The DGA1 polypeptides may comprise conservative substitutions, deletions, or insertions while still maintaining functional DGA1 activity. Conservative substitution tables are well known in the art (see, for example, Creighton (1984) Proteins. W.H.

Freeman and Company (Eds.) and Table 3 below).

TABLE 3 Examples of conserved amino acid substitutions Conservative Residue Substitutions Ala Ser Arg Lys Asn Gln; His Asp Glu Gln Asn Cys Ser Glu Asp Gly Pro His Asn; Gln Ile Leu, Val Leu Ile; Val Lys Arg; Gln Met Leu; Ile Phe Met; Leu; Tyr Ser Thr; Gly Thr Ser; Val Trp Tyr Tyr Trp; Phe Val Ile; Leu

Amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions may readily be made using peptide synthetic techniques well known in the art, such as solid phase peptide synthesis and/or any other synthetic techniques, or by recombinant DNA manipulation. Methods for the manipulation of DNA sequences to produce substitution, insertion or deletion variants of a protein are well known in the art. For example, techniques for making substitution mutations at predetermined sites in DNA are well known to those skilled in the art and include M13 mutagenesis, T7-Gen in vitro mutagenesis (USB, Cleveland, Ohio), Quick Change Site Directed mutagenesis (Stratagene, San Diego, Calif.), PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis or other site-directed mutagenesis protocols.

To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences can be aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-identical sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). The length of a reference sequence aligned for comparison purposes can be at least 95% of the length of the reference sequence. The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions can then be compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “homology”). The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.

The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. In one embodiment, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined using the Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48:444-453 (1970)) algorithm which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using either a Blosum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In yet another embodiment, the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can be determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In another embodiment, the percent identity between two amino acid or nucleotide sequences can be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (Comput. Appl. Biosci. 4:11-17 (1988)) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0 or 2.OU), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4.

Exemplary computer programs which can be used to determine identity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, the suite of BLAST programs, e.g., BLASTN, BLASTX, and TBLASTX, BLASTP and TBLASTN, publicly accessible at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST.

Sequence searches are typically carried out using the BLASTN program, when evaluating a given nucleic acid sequence relative to nucleic acid sequences in the GenBank DNA Sequences and other public databases. The BLASTX program is effective for searching nucleic acid sequences that have been translated in all reading frames against amino acid sequences in the GenBank Protein Sequences and other public databases.

An alignment of selected sequences in order to determine “% identity” between two or more sequences is performed using for example, the CLUSTAL-W program.

A “coding sequence” or “coding region” refers to a nucleic acid molecule having sequence information necessary to produce a protein product, such as an amino acid or polypeptide, when the sequence is expressed. The coding sequence may comprise and/or consist of untranslated sequences (including introns or 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions) within translated regions, or may lack such intervening untranslated sequences (e.g., as in cDNA).

The abbreviation used throughout the specification to refer to nucleic acids comprising and/or consisting of nucleotide sequences are the conventional one-letter abbreviations. Thus when included in a nucleic acid, the naturally occurring encoding nucleotides are abbreviated as follows: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U). Also, unless otherwise specified, the nucleic acid sequences presented herein is the 5′→3′direction.

As used herein, the term “complementary” and derivatives thereof are used in reference to pairing of nucleic acids by the well-known rules that A pairs with T or U and C pairs with G. Complement can be “partial” or “complete”. In partial complement, only some of the nucleic acid bases are matched according to the base pairing rules; while in complete or total complement, all the bases are matched according to the pairing rule. The degree of complement between the nucleic acid strands may have significant effects on the efficiency and strength of hybridization between nucleic acid strands as well known in the art. The efficiency and strength of said hybridization depends upon the detection method.

As used herein, “DGA1” means a diacylglycerol acyltransferase type 2 (DGAT2).

DGA1 is an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the final enzymatic step in oil biosynthesis and the production of triacylglycerols in plants, fungi and mammals. The DGA1 may play a key role in altering the quantity of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids produced in oils of oleaginous organisms. DGA1 is related to the acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (“ACAT”). This enzyme is responsible for transferring an acyl group from acyl-coenzyme-A to the sn-3 position of 1,2-diacylglycerol (“DAG”) to form triacylglycerol (“TAG”) (thereby involved in the terminal step of TAG biosynthesis).

DGA1 is associated with membrane and lipid body fractions in plants and fungi, particularly, in oilseeds where it contributes to the storage of carbon used as energy reserves. TAG is believed to be an important chemical for storage of energy in cells. DGA1 is known to regulate TAG structure and direct TAG synthesis.

The DGA1 polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences may be derived from highly oleaginous organisms having very high, native levels of lipid accumulation. (Sitepu et al., 2013; Liang et al., 2013; Ageitos et al., 2011; Papanikolaou et al., 2011; Pan et al., 2009; Ratledge et al., 2002; Kaneko et al., 1976). The list of organisms with reported lipid content about 50% and above are shown in Table 1. R. toruloides and L. starkeyi have the highest lipid content. Among the organisms in the Table 1, only five had publicly accessible sequence for DGA1 (bolded in the Table 1). DGA1 from five selected donors, R. toruloides, L.starkeyi, A.limacinum, A. terreus, and C. purpurea, were used.

TABLE 1 List of oleaginous fungi with reported lipid content about 50% and above (Sitepu et al., 2013; Liang et al., 2013; Ageitos et al., 2011; Papanikolaou et al., 2011; Pan et al., 2009; Ratledge et al., 2002; Kaneko et al., 1977). Organisms with publicly accessible sequence for DGA1 gene are in bold. Fungi with reported high lipid content

Rhodosporidium babjevae Rhodosporidium paludigenum

Lipomyces tetrasporus Lipomyces lipofer Cryptococcus curvatus Cryptococcus albidus Cryptococcus terreus Cryptococcus ramirezgomezianus Cryptococcus wieringae Rhodotorula glutinis Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Trichosporon cutaneum Cunninghamella echinulata Mortierella Isabellina Trichosporon fermentans Cunninghamella japonica

Rhizopus arrhizus

Leucosporidiella creatinivora Tremella enchepala Prototheca zopfii

The term “domain”, as used herein, refers to a set of amino acids conserved at specific positions along an alignment of sequences of evolutionarily related proteins. While amino acids at other positions can vary between homologues, amino acids that are highly conserved at specific positions indicate amino acids which are likely to be essential in the structure, stability or function of a protein. Identified by their high degree of conservation in aligned sequences of a family of protein homologues, they can be used as identifiers to determine if any polypeptide in question belongs to a previously identified polypeptide family.

The term “gene”, as used herein, may encompass genomic sequences of the DGA1 which contain introns, particularly polynucleotide sequence encoding polypeptide sequence of the DGA1 involved in the catalytic activity of converting acyl-CoA and 1,2-diacylglycerol to TAG and CoA. The term further encompasses synthetic nucleic acids that did not derive from genomic sequence. In certain embodiments, the DGA1 genes lack introns, as they are synthesized based on the known DNA sequence of cDNA and protein sequence. In other embodiments, the DGA1 genes are synthesized, non-native cDNA wherein the codons have been optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica based on codon usage. The term can further include nucleic acid molecules comprising upstream, downstream, and/or intron nucleotide sequences.

Genomic data for highly oleaginous organisms may be obtained from R. toruloides (Kumar S, et al. Genome sequence of the oleaginous red yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides MTCC 457. Eukaryot Cell. 2012 August; 11(8):1083-4) and L. starkeyi (http://genome.jgi-psf.org/). DGA1 sequences may be identified based on homology to Y. lipolytica DGA1 using BLAST or genes annotated as “diacylglycerol acytransferase”.

The term “heterologous”, as used herein, refers to a DGA1 polynucleotide or polypeptide which is different from the host cell in which the DGA1 polynucleotide is introduced or polypeptide is produced. For example, an isolated host cell of the present invention is generated by introducing DGA1 polynucleotide from one genus into a host cell which has a different genus from the DGA1 polynucleotide. The DGA1 polynucleotide may be synthetic or from a different species, so long as the polynucleotide is non-native to the host cell.

The term “host cell”, as used herein, includes any cell type which is susceptible to transformation, transfection, transduction, expression and the like with a nucleic acid construct or expression vector comprising and/or consisting of a heterologous polynucleotide of the present invention. Suitable host cell includes fungi, plants, and yeast cells. The yeast cells may have the characteristics of being oleaginous, high-temperature tolerant, or both. In certain embodiments, the host cell may comprise R. toruloides, R. babjevae, Rhodosporidium paludigenum, L. starkeyi, L. tetrasporus, L. lipofer, C. curvatus, C. albidus, C. terreus, C. ramirezgomezianus, C. wieringae, R. glutinis, R. mucilaginosa, T. cutaneum, C. echinulata, M. isabellina, T. fermentans, C. japonica, A. limacinum, R. arrhizus, A. terreus, C. purpurea, L. creatinivora, T. enchepala, Y. lipolytica, or P. zopfii.

In certain embodiments, the yeast cell is any strain of Y. lipolytica. In preferred embodiments, the yeast cell is Y. lipolytica strain NS18. A recombinant Y. lipolytica host cell of the present invention is suitable for use in the manufacture of lipids. The recombinant Y. lipolytica host cell may further be characterized by enhanced glucose efficiency and increased production of lipids, oils, and TAGs for commercial use.

The term “homologues”, as used herein, refers to a protein encompass peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins and enzymes having amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions relative to the unmodified protein in question and having similar biological and functional activity as the unmodified protein from which they are derived. “Isolated” means altered “by the hand of man” from the natural state. If a composition or substance occurs in nature, it has been “isolated” if it has been changed or removed from its original environment, or both. For example, a polynucleotide or a polypeptide naturally present in a living yeast is not “isolated,” but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide separated from the coexisting materials of its natural state is “isolated”, as the term is employed herein.

The term “motif”, as used herein, refers to a short conserved region in the sequence of evolutionarily related proteins. Motifs are frequently highly conserved parts of domains, but may also include only part of the domain, or be located outside of conserved domain (if all of the amino acids of the motif fall outside of a defined domain). Specialist databases exist for the identification of domains, for example, SMART (Schultz et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 5857-5864; Letunic et al. (2002) Nucleic Acids Res 30, 242-244), InterPro (Mulder et al., (2003) Nucl. Acids. Res. 31, 315-318), Prosite (Bucher and Bairoch (1994), A generalized profile syntax for biomolecular sequences motifs and its function in automatic sequence interpretation. (In) ISMB-94; Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology. Altman R., Brutlag D., Karp P., Lathrop R., Searls D., Eds., pp53-61, AAAI Press, Menlo Park; Hulo et al., Nucl. Acids. Res. 32:D134-D137, (2004)), or Pfam (Bateman et al., Nucleic Acids Research 30(1): 276-280 (2002)). A set of tools for in silico analysis of protein sequences is available on the ExPASy proteomics server (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (Gasteiger et al., ExPASy: The Proteomics Server for In-Depth Protein Knowledge and Analysis, Nucleic Acids Res. 31:3784-3788(2003)). Domains or motifs may also be identified using routine techniques, such as by sequence alignment.

The term “nucleic acid construct” or “DNA construct” is sometimes used to refer to a coding sequence or sequences operably linked to appropriate regulatory sequences and inserted into a vector for transforming a cell. This term may be used interchangeably with the term “transforming DNA” or “transgene.” The term “operably linked” generally denotes herein a configuration in which a control sequence is placed at an appropriate position relative to the coding sequence of the polynucleotide sequence such that the control sequence directs the expression of the coding sequence of a polypeptide. For example, a promoter can be operably-linked with a coding sequence when it affects the expression of that coding sequence, i.e., that the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the promoter.

As used herein, a “polynucleotide” is a nucleotide sequence such as a full-length or nucleic acid fragment. A polynucleotide may be a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single-or double-stranded, that optionally contains synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. A polynucleotide in the form of a polymer of DNA may comprise and/or consist of one or more segments of cDNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA, or mixtures/combination thereof. An isolated polynucleotide of the present invention may include at least one of 150 contiguous nucleotides (both upstream and downstream) derived from SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, or the complement of such sequences.

One embodiment of the present invention is a method of overexpressing a polynucleotide encoding a DGA1 polypeptide derived from R. toruloides, L. starkeyi, A. limacinum, A. terreus, C. purpurea, or Y. lipolytica comprising and/or consisting of nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18.

Correspondingly, the respective DGA1 polypeptide encoded by these nucleotide sequences shall possess amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17 and possess the catalytic ability of transferring an acyl group from acyl-coenzyme-A to the sn-3 position of 1,2-diacylglycerol (“DAG”) to form triacylglycerol (“TAG”) (thereby involved in the terminal step of TAG biosynthesis).

The DGA1 polynucleotides are capable of encoding a DGA1 polypeptide, or biologically-active portion thereof, and may comprise a nucleotide sequence which is at least about 80%, 82%, 84%, 85%, 87%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more identical to the entire length of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18, or any complement thereof.

In accordance with the present invention, the isolated polynucleotide illustrated in SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18, or any complement thereof, of Table 2 can be obtained by PCR amplification of the conserved region of the genomic DNA using total RNA isolated from the yeast of R. toruloides, L. starkeyi, A. limacinum, A. terreus, C. purpurea, or Y. lipolytica. In certain embodiments, the DGA1 cDNA is synthesized by GenScript. In other embodiments, the cDNA codon of DGA1 is optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica and synthesized by GenScript. The polynucleotides provided by the present invention can also be used as preparatory materials for the rational modification or design of novel DGA1 enzymes with characteristics that enable the enzymes to perform better in demanding processes.

A “polypeptide” as used herein, is a single linear chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds, and having usually a sequence greater than 277 amino acids in length. In certain embodiments the DGA1 polypeptide comprise the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, or a biologically-active portion thereof. The DGA1 polypeptide, or biologically active portion thereof, possesses the catalytic ability of converting acyl-CoA and 1,2-diacylglycerol to TAG and CoA in the yeast.

The term “promoter”, as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid sequence that functions to direct transcription of a downstream gene. The promoter will generally be appropriate to the host cell in which the target gene is being expressed. The promoter together with other transcriptional and translational regulatory nucleic acid sequences (also termed “control sequences”) is necessary to express a given gene. In general, the transcriptional and translational regulatory sequences include, but are not limited to, promoter sequences, ribosomal binding sites, transcriptional start and stop sequences, translational start and stop sequences, and enhancer or activator sequences. In certain embodiments, the promoter may be Y. lipolytica GPD1.

The term “synthetic” means chemically, enzymatically, or recombinantly engineered from the native or natural state. If a composition or substance occurs in nature, it is “synthetic” if it has been manufactured, engineered, or manipulated from its original environment, or both. For example, a polynucleotide or a polypeptide naturally present in a living yeast is not “synthetic,” but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide chemically synthesized or recombinantly engineered is “synthetic”, as the term is employed herein.

A “terminator” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid sequence that marks the end of a gene or transcription unit during transcription. The sequence mediates transcription termination by causing RNA polymerase to stop transcription and the newly synthesized mRNA to be released from the transcriptional complex. In certain embodiments, the terminator used in the present invention is derived from yeast. In certain embodiments, the terminator is Y. lipolytica or S. cerevisiae CYC1 terminator.

A “vector” generally refers to a replicon, such as plasmid, phage, cosmid, yeast or virus to which another nucleic acid segment may be operably inserted so as to bring about the replication or expression of the segment. The term “vector” is also intended to refer to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid,” which refers to a circular double-stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments may be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, where additional DNA segments may be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced.

Other vectors can be integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “recombinant expression vectors” (or simply, “expression vectors”). In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector” may be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the invention is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, which may serve equivalent functions.

For the purposes of the invention, “transgenic”, “transgene” or “recombinant” means with regard to, for example, a nucleic acid sequence, an expression cassette, DNA construct or a vector comprising and/or consisting of the polynucleotides or an organism transformed with the polynucleotides, expression cassettes or vectors according to the invention, all those constructions brought about by recombinant methods in which either: (a) the polynucleotides encoding proteins useful in the methods of the invention, or (b) genetic control sequence(s) which are operably linked with the polynucleotides according to the invention, for example a promoter or terminator, or (c) a) and b) are not located in their natural genetic environment or have been modified by recombinant methods.

The modification may take the form of, for example, a substitution, addition, deletion, inversion or insertion of one or more nucleotide residues. The natural genetic environment is understood as meaning the natural genomic or chromosomal locus in the original yeast or the presence in a genomic library. In the case of a genomic library, the natural genetic environment of the nucleic acid sequence is preferably retained, at least in part. The environment flanks the nucleic acid sequence at least on one side and has a sequence length of about 50 bp, preferably of about 500 bp. A naturally occurring expression cassette—for example the naturally occurring combination of the natural promoter of the nucleic acid sequences with the corresponding nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide useful in the methods of the present invention, as defined above-becomes a transgenic expression cassette when this expression cassette is modified by non-natural, synthetic (“artificial”) methods such as, for example, mutagenic treatment or recombinant cloning.

A transgenic yeast for the purposes of the invention is thus understood as including those yeasts in which the polynucleotides used in the method of the invention are not at their natural locus in the genome of the said yeast, and thus it is possible for the polynucleotides to be expressed heterologously. However, as mentioned, transgenic also mean that, while the nucleic acids according to the invention or used in the inventive method are at their natural position in the genome of a yeast, the sequence has been modified with regard to the natural sequence, and/or that the regulatory sequences of the natural sequences have been modified. Transgenic is preferably understood as meaning the expression of the polynucleotides according to the invention at an unnatural locus in the genome, or heterologous expression of the polynucleotides in a non-native host cell.

In one embodiment, a recombinant DNA construct comprising and/or consisting of a polynucleotide having nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18, or any complement thereof, is disclosed, wherein the polynucleotide is expressible in a host cell, and is translatable to produce homologues or biologically-active portions of DGA1 protein in the yeast cells of Y. lipoltica. The procedure for amplifying and cloning the DGA1 from R. toruloides, L. starkeyi, A. limacinum, A. terreus, C. purpurea, or Y. lipolytica is further detailed in Example 1. The recombinant DNA construct may further comprise a promoter region operably-linked to enhance expression of the polynucleotide template. Under the transcriptional control of the specific promoter, the expression of the coding region within the recombinant DNA constructs containing DGA1 polynucleotides of the present can then be enhanced, leading to higher yield of the DGA1 protein. Methods for increasing expression of polynucleotides are provided in the definitions section, and include optimization of DGA1 codons, introduction or retention of intron sequences. The recombinant DNA construct may further comprise a terminator sequences for transcriptional regulation, such as Y. lipolytica or S. cerevisiae CYC1 terminator.

The term “transformation” or “introduction”, as used herein, encompasses the transfer of an exogenous polynucleotide into a host cell, irrespective of the method used for transfer. Yeast capable of subsequent clonal propagation may be transformed with a genetic construct of the present invention and a whole yeast generated therefrom. The polynucleotide may be transiently or stably introduced into a host cell and may be maintained non-integrated, for example, as a plasmid. Alternatively, it may be integrated into the host genome. The resulting transformed yeast cell may then be propagated and used for commercial production of lipids.

The transfer of foreign genes into the genome of a yeast is called transformation.

Transformation of yeast species is now a fairly routine technique. Advantageously, any of several transformation methods may be used to introduce the gene of interest into a suitable ancestor cell. The methods described for the transformation of yeast cells may be utilized for transient or for stable transformation. Transformation methods include the use of liposomes, electroporation and chemicals which increase free DNA uptake, injection of the DNA directly into the yeast cell, particle gun bombardment, and transformation using viruses or pollen and microprojection.

Generally after transformation, yeast are selected for the presence of one or more markers which are encoded by yeast-expressible genes co-transferred with the gene of interest, following which the transformed material is regenerated into a whole yeast. To select transformed yeast, the yeast obtained in the transformation is subjected to selective conditions so that transformed yeasts can be distinguished from untransformed yeasts. For example, the transformed yeasts are grown on YPD plates using a suitable selection agent, such as nourseothricine (NAT). Subsequently, the transformants are screened for the ability to accumulate lipids by fluorescent staining lipid assay described in Example 3.

Following DNA transfer and transformation, putatively transformed yeast clones may also be evaluated, for instance using Southern analysis, for the presence of the gene of interest, copy number and/or genomic organization. Alternatively or additionally, expression levels of the newly introduced DNA may be monitored using Northern and/or Western analysis, both techniques being well known to persons having ordinary skill in the art.

The transformed yeast cell having enhanced glucose consumption efficiency and increased lipid production may be generated by a method comprising: (i) introducing and expressing in a yeast cell a DGA1 polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid or a genetic DNA construct comprising and/or consisting of a DGA1 polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid; and (ii) cultivating the yeast cell under conditions promoting growth and lipid production. In certain embodiments, exogenous fatty acids, glucose, ethanol, xylose, sucrose, starch, starch dextrin, glycerol, cellulose, or acetic acid are added during the cultivation step which may increase lipid production. Such fatty acids may include stearate, oleic acid, linoleic acid, γ-linoleic acid, dihomo-γ-linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, α-linoleic acid, stearidonic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, eicosapenteaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, eicosadienoic acid, or eicosatrienoic acid. In certain embodiments, the growth conditions are set forth in Example 4.

The term “increased expression” or “overexpression” as used herein, refers to any form of expression that is additional to the original wild-type expression level using native, Y. lipolytica DGA1 in its native, Y. lipolytica host. To further supplement the increased lipid yeasts in the host cells of the present invention, additional methods may be utilized to further increase expression of DGA1 proteins. Such methods are well documented in the art and include, for example, overexpression driven by appropriate promoters, the use of transcription enhancers or translation enhancers. Isolated nucleic acids which serve as promoter or enhancer elements may be introduced in an appropriate position (typically upstream) of a non-heterologous form of a polynucleotide so as to upregulate expression of a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide of interest. For example, endogenous promoters may be altered in vivo by mutation, deletion, and/or substitution, or isolated promoters may be introduced into a yeast cell in the proper orientation and distance from the DGA1 polynucleotide of the present invention so as to control the expression of the DGA1 polynucleotide.

An intron sequence may also be added to the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) or retained in the coding sequence of the full-length or partial coding sequence to increase the amount of the mature message that accumulates in the cytosol. Inclusion of a spliceable intron 3′ or 5′ to the transcription unit in the expression constructs has been shown to increase gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels up to 1000-fold (Buchman and Berg (1988) Mol. Cell biol. 8: 4395-4405; Callis et al. (1987) Genes Dev 1:1183-1200).

The invention further provides a method of increasing lipid content in a transformed Y. lipolytica host cell, comprising and/or consisting of introducing and expressing in a yeast cell a polynucleotides having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18, or any complement thereof, capable of encoding a DGA1 polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17, or a biologically-active portion thereof. The transformed Y. lipolytica host cell may comprise a nucleotide sequence which is at least about 80%, 82%, 84%, 85%, 87%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% or more identical to the entire length of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18, or any complement thereof.

The present description is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting in any way. The contents of all cited references (including literature references, issued patents, published patent applications and GenBank Accession numbers as cited throughout this application) are hereby expressly incorporated by reference. When definitions of terms in documents that are incorporated by reference herein conflict with those used herein, the definitions used herein govern.

Exemplification Example 1: Identification of DGA1 Polynucleotides and Polypeptides

In order to test the hypothesis that DGA1 from highly oleaginous organisms can significantly increase lipid production in Y. lipolytica, organisms reported as having very high level of lipid accumulation were reviewed. (Sitepu et al., 2013; Liang et al., 2013; Ageitos et al., 2011; Papanikolaou et al., 2011; Pan et al., 2009; Ratledge et al., 2002; Kaneko et al., 1976). The list of organisms with reported lipid content about 50% and above are shown in Table 1. R. toruloides and L. starkeyi were reported to have the highest lipid content. Among the organisms in Table 1 only five had publicly accessible sequences for DGA1 gene (bolded in the Table 1). Therefore DGA1 genes from five selected donors (R. toruloides, L. starkeyi, A. limacinum, A. terreus, and C. purpurea) were expressed in Y. lipolytica under the control of a Y. lipolytica promoter and terminator. The DGA1 sequences used for overexpression in Y. lipolytica, including native Y. lipolytica DGA1 used as control, are described in Table 2. For R. toruloides, three versions of DGA1 gene were expressed in Y. lipolytica: 1) NG49-native R. toruloides DGA1 genes amplified from R. toruloides genomic DNA (SEQ ID NO: 2); 2) NG66-synthetic gene that contains R. toruloides DGA1 cDNA without introns (SEQ ID NO: 6); and 3) NG67-synthetic gene that contains R. toruloides DGA1 cDNA without introns codon optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica (SEQ ID NO: 8). For L. starkeyi, two versions of DGA1 gene were expressed in Y. lipolytica: 1) NG68-synthetic gene that contains L.starkeyi DGA1 cDNA without introns (SEQ ID NO: 10); and 2) NG69-synthetic gene that contains L.starkeyi DGA1 cDNA without introns codon optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica (SEQ ID NO: 12). For A. limacinum, A. terreus, and C. purpurea, synthetic DGA1 gene encoding cDNA without introns codon optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica was expressed in Y. lipolytica (SEQ ID NOs: 14, 16, and 18).

TABLE 2 Characterization of DGA1 genes and expression constructs used herein. The map of expression constructs used to express DGA1 genes is shown on FIG. 1 with NG66 as example. The constructs for all other DGA1 genes were the same except for the DGA1 ORF. Gene ID: NG15 Expression construct ID: pNC201 Donor Organism: Yarrowia lipolytica Gene: DGA1 Function: diacylglycerol acyltransferase Sequence Source: KEGG database YALI0E32769g DNA Source: Amplified from gDNA of Y. lipolytica NRRL YB-437 Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1): MTIDSQYYKSRDKNDTAPKIAGIRYAPLSTPLLNRCETFSLVWHIFSIPTFLTIFMLCCAI PLLWPFVIAYVVYAVKDDSPSNGGVVKRYSPISRNFFIWKLFGRYFPITLHKTVDLEPTHT YYPLDVQEYHLIAERYWPQNKYLRAIITTIEYFLPAFMKRSLSINEQEQPAERDPLLSPVS PSSPGSQPDKWINHDSRYSRGESSGSNGHASGSELNGNGNNGTTNRRPLSSASAGSTASDS TLLNGSLNSYANQIIGENDPQLSPTKLKPTGRKYIFGYHPHGIIGMGAFGGIATEGAGWSK LFPGIPVSLMTLTNNFRVPLYREYLMSLGVASVSKKSCKALLKRNQSICIVVGGAQESLLA RPGVMDLVLLKRKGFVRLGMEVGNVALVPIMAFGENDLYDQVSNDKSSKLYRFQQFVKNFL GFTLPLMHARGVFNYDVGLVPYRRPVNIVVGSPIDLPYLPHPTDEEVSEYHDRYIAELQRI YNEHKDEYFIDWTEEGKGAPEFRMIE DNA Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2): ATGACTATCGACTCACAATACTACAAGTCGCGAGACAAAAACGACACGGCACCCAAAATCG CGGGAATCCGATATGCCCCGCTATCGACACCATTACTCAACCGATGTGAGACCTTCTCTCT GGTCTGGCACATTTTCAGCATTCCCACTTTCCTCACAATTTTCATGCTATGCTGCGCAATT CCACTGCTCTGGCCATTTGTGATTGCGTATGTAGTGTACGCTGTTAAAGACGACTCCCCGT CCAACGGAGGAGTGGTCAAGCGATACTCGCCTATTTCAAGAAACTTCTTCATCTGGAAGCT CTTTGGCCGCTACTTCCCCATAACTCTGCACAAGACGGTGGATCTGGAGCCCACGCACACA TACTACCCTCTGGACGTCCAGGAGTATCACCTGATTGCTGAGAGATACTGGCCGCAGAACA AGTACCTCCGAGCAATCATCaCCACCATCGAGTACTTTCTGCCCGCCTTCATGAAACGGTC TCTTTCTATCAACGAGCAGGAGCAGCCTGCCGAGCGAGATCCTCTCCTGTCTCCCGTTTCT CCCAGCTCTCCGGGTTCTCAACCTGACAAGTGGATTAACCACGACAGCAGATATAGCCGTG GAGAATCATCTGGCTCCAACGGCCACGCCTCGGGCTCCGAACTTAACGGCAACGGCAACAA TGGCACCACTAACCGACGACCTTTGTCGTCCGCCTCTGCTGGCTCCACTGCATCTGATTCC ACGCTTCTTAACGGGTCCCTCAACTCCTACGCCAACCAGATCATTGGCGAAAACGACCCAC AGCTGTCGCCCACAAAACTCAAGCCCACTGGCAGAAAATACATCTTCGGCTACCACCCCCA CGGCATTATCGGCATGGGAGCCTTTGGTGGAATTGCCACCGAGGGAGCTGGATGGTCCAAG CTCTTTCCGGGCATCCCTGTTTCTCTTATGACTCTCACCAACAACTTCCGAGTGCCTCTCT ACAGAGAGTACCTCATGAGTCTGGGAGTCGCTTCTGTCTCCAAGAAGTCCTGCAAGGCCCT CCTCAAGCGAAACCAGTCTATCTGCATTGTCGTTGGTGGAGCACAGGAAAGTCTTCTGGCC AGACCCGGTGTCATGGACCTGGTGCTACTCAAGCGAAAGGGTTTTGTTCGACTTGGTATGG AGGTCGGAAATGTCGCCCTTGTTCCCATCATGGCCTTTGGTGAGAACGACCTCTATGACCA GGTTAGCAACGACAAGTCGTCCAAGCTGTACCGATTCCAGCAGTTTGTCAAGAACTTCCTT GGATTCACCCTTCCTTTGATGCATGCCCGAGGCGTCTTCAACTACGATGTCGGTCTTGTCC CCTACAGGCGACCCGTCAACATTGTGGTTGGTTCCCCCATTGACTTGCCTTATCTCCCACA CCCCACCGACGAAGAAGTGTCCGAATACCACGACCGATACATCGCCGAGCTGCAGCGAATC TACAACGAGCACAAGGATGAATATTTCATCGATTGGACCGAGGAGGGCAAAGGAGCCCCAG AGTTCCGAATGATTGAGTAA Gene ID: NG49 Expression construct ID: pNC241 Donor Organism: Rhodosporidium toruloides Gene: DGA1 Function: diacylglycerol acyltransferase Sequence Source: GenBank BAH85840.1 DNA Source: Amplified from gDNA of R. toruloides NRRL Y-6987 Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3): MGQQATPEELYTRSEISKIKFAPFGVPRSRRLQTFSVFAWTTALPILLGVFFLLCSFPPLW PAVIAYLTWVFFIDQAPIHGGRAQSWLRKSRIWVWFAGYYPVSLIKSADLPPDRKYVFGYH PHGVIGMGAIANFATDATGFSTLFPGLNPHLLTLQSNFKLPLYRELLLALGICSVSMKSCQ NILRQGPGSALTIVVGGAAESLSAHPGTADLTLKRRKGFIKLAIRQGADLVPVFSFGENDI FGQLRNERGTRLYKLQKRFQGVFGFTLPLFYGRGLFNYNVGLMPYRHPIVSWGRPISVEQ KDHPTTADLEEVQARYIAELKRIWEEYKDAYAKSRTRELNIIA gDNA Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4): ATGGGCCAGCAGGCGACGCCCGAGGAGCTATACACACGCTCAGAGATCTCCAAGATCAAGc aagtcgagccagctcttctcctcaccaccccacaacataccccgcagcccacgacagccct cccacagcacctgcagcctgctgaccagctcgagaacacccacagaTTCGCACCCTTTGGC GTCCCGCGGTCGCGCCGGCTGCAGACCTTCTCCGTCTTTGCCTGGACGACGGCACTGCCCA TCCTACTCGGCGTCTTCTTCCTCCTCTGgtgcgtcaggcttggcgtgatctgagagtagcg ggcggatcatctgacctgcttcttcgctgcagCTCGTTCCCACCGCTCTGGCCGGCTGTCA TTGCCTACCTCACCTGGGTCTTTTTCATTGACCAGGCGCCGATTCACGGTGGACGGGCGCA GTCTTGGCTGCGGAAGAGTCGGATATGGGTCTGGTTTGCAGGATACTATCCCGTCaggtgc gtcctctttccaagcctgcgtctcgaggcctcgctcacggccaactcgcccgaccggctac ctccgaactttccgtcaacAGCTTGATCAAGgtcagtctgcgcgtctctcgacttcagtgc tctgtggaggagctgcgccattgggcccgacctgcggagggcctcaaaggacgatgccgct gacttCCtttcctccgacagAGCGCCGACTTGCCGCCTGACCGGAAGTACGTCTTTGGCTA CCACCCGCACGGCGTCATAGGCATGGGCGCCATCGCCAACTTCGCGACCGACGCAACCGGC TTCTCGACACTCTTCCCCGGCTTGAACCCTCACCTCCTCACCCTCCAAAGCAACTTCAAGC TCCCGCTCTACCGCGAGTTGCTGCTCGCTCTCGGCATATGCTCCGTCTCGATGAAGAGCTG TCAGAACATTCTGCGACAAGGTgagcggtatgcgcaagacgggcggtcaagcgtgaacgca gtgaacgagaagagctgaccttccgccttactccatccgtgcaggtCCTGGCTCGGCTCTC ACTATCGTCGTCGGTGGCGCCGCCGAGAGCTTGAGTGCGCATCCCGGAACCGCCGATCTTA CGCTCAAGCGACGAAAAGGCTTCATCAAACTCGCGATCCGGCAAGGCGCCGACCTTGTGCC CGTCTTTTCGTTCGGCGAGAACGACgtgcgcacgctctccgagtctctaaaccggaagcga atgctgaccgctgcccaattctctctccagATCTTTGGCCAGCTGCGAAACGAGCGAGGAA CGCGGCTGTACAAGTTGCAGAAGCGTTTCCAAGGCGTGTTTGGCTTCACCCTCCgtacgtc tcaccgcgccgtcttgccgaactgctcgttcagtcgctcacgcagctttcactcgcgcagC TCTCTTCTACGGCCGGGGACTCTTCAACTgtgcgctcgagttcaccgcttcgccaacagcg aggaatgcctccgagtacagcccagctgacgccccatctcttctcatagACAACGTCGGAT TGATGCCGTATCGCCATCCGATCGTCTCTGTCggtgtgaacccgctctgtcgctcctacct gcgttccttaggctgacaccactcgcgtcaaacaGTCGGTCGACCAATCTCGGTAGAGCAG AAGGACCACCCGACCACGGCGGACCTCGAAGAAGTTCAGGCGCGGTATATCGCAGAACTCA AGCGGtacgttccaagtcgtctgcctccgcttgccgcctcaaataagctgaggcgtgctga ccgtatctgccgaaccgtacagcATCTGGGAAGAATACAAGGACGCCTACGCCAAAAGTCG CACGCGGGAGCTCAATATTATCGCCTGA Gene ID: NG66 Expression construct ID: pNC243 Donor Organism: Rhodosporidium toruloides Gene: DGA1 Length: 348 (amino acid); 1047 (DNA) Function: diacylglycerol acyltransferase Sequence Source: GenBank BAH85840.1 DNA Source: Native cDNA synthesized by GenScript Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5): MGQQATPEELYTRSEISKIKFAPFGVPRSRRLQTFSVFAWTTALPILLGVFFLLCSFPPLW PAVIAYLTWVFFIDQAPIHGGRAQSWLRKSRIWVWFAGYYPVSLIKSADLPPDRKYVFGYH PHGVIGMGAIANFATDATGFSTLFPGLNPHLLTLQSNFKLPLYRELLLALGICSVSMKSCQ NILRQGPGSALTIVVGGAAESLSAHPGTADLTLKRRKGFIKLAIRQGADLVPVFSFGENDI FGQLRNERGTRLYKLQKRFQGVFGFTLPLFYGRGLFNYNVGLMPYRHPIVSWGRPISVEQ KDHPTTADLEEVQARYIAELKRIWEEYKDAYAKSRTRELNIIA DNA Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6): ATGGGCCAGCAGGCGACGCCCGAGGAGCTATACACACGCTCAGAGATCTCCAAGATCAAGT TCGCACCCTTTGGCGTCCCGCGGTCGCGCCGGCTGCAGACCTTCTCCGTCTTTGCCTGGAC GACGGCACTGCCCATCCTACTCGGCGTCTTCTTCCTCCTCTGCTCGTTCCCACCGCTCTGG CCGGCTGTCATTGCCTACCTCACCTGGGTCTTTTTCATTGACCAGGCGCCGATTCACGGTG GACGGGCGCAGTCTTGGCTGCGGAAGAGTCGGATATGGGTCTGGTTTGCAGGATACTATCC CGTCAGCTTGATCAAGAGCGCCGACTTGCCGCCTGACCGGAAGTACGTCTTTGGCTACCAC CCGCACGGCGTCATAGGCATGGGCGCCATCGCCAACTTCGCGACCGACGCAACCGGCTTCT CGACACTCTTCCCCGGCTTGAACCCTCACCTCCTCACCCTCCAAAGCAACTTCAAGCTCCC GCTCTACCGCGAGTTGCTGCTCGCTCTCGGCATATGCTCCGTCTCGATGAAGAGCTGTCAG AACATTCTGCGACAAGGTCCTGGCTCGGCTCTCACTATCGTCGTCGGTGGCGCCGCCGAGA GCTTGAGTGCGCATCCCGGAACCGCCGATCTTACGCTCAAGCGACGAAAAGGCTTCATCAA ACTCGCGATCCGGCAAGGCGCCGACCTTGTGCCCGTCTTTTCGTTCGGCGAGAACGACATC TTTGGCCAGCTGCGAAACGAGCGAGGAACGCGGCTGTACAAGTTGCAGAAGCGTTTCCAAG GCGTGTTTGGCTTCACCCTCCCTCTCTTCTACGGCCGGGGACTCTTCAACTACAACGTCGG ATTGATGCCGTATCGCCATCCGATCGTCTCTGTCGTCGGTCGACCAATCTCGGTAGAGCAG AAGGACCACCCGACCACGGCGGACCTCGAAGAAGTTCAGGCGCGGTATATCGCAGAACTCA AGCGGATCTGGGAAGAATACAAGGACGCCTACGCCAAAAGTCGCACGCGGGAGCTCAATAT TATCGCCTGA Gene ID: NG67 Expression construct ID: pNC244 Donor Organism: Rhodosporidium toruloides Gene: DGA1 Length: 348 (amino acid); 1047 (DNA) Function: diacylglycerol acyltransferase Sequence Source: GenBank BAH85840.1 DNA Source: cDNA codon optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica and synthesized by GenScript Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7): MGQQATPEELYTRSEISKIKFAPFGVPRSRRLQTFSVFAWTTALPILLGVFFLLCSFPPLW PAVIAYLTWVFFIDQAPIHGGRAQSWLRKSRIWVWFAGYYPVSLIKSADLPPDRKYVFGYH PHGVIGMGAIANFATDATGFSTLFPGLNPHLLTLQSNFKLPLYRELLLALGICSVSMKSCQ NILRQGPGSALTIVVGGAAESLSAHPGTADLTLKRRKGFIKLAIRQGADLVPVFSFGENDI FGQLRNERGTRLYKLQKRFQGVFGFTLPLFYGRGLFNYNVGLMPYRHPIVSWGRPISVEQ KDHPTTADLEEVQARYIAELKRIWEEYKDAYAKSRTRELNIIA DNA Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 8): ATGGGACAGCAGGCTACCCCCGAGGAGCTCTACACCCGATCCGAGATTTCTAAGATTAAGT TCGCCCCTTTTGGAGTGCCCCGATCCCGACGACTCCAGACCTTCTCCGTTTTTGCCTGGAC CACTGCTCTGCCCATTCTGCTCGGCGTCTTCTTTCTGCTCTGCTCTTTCCCCCCTCTCTGG CCCGCCGTCATCGCTTACCTGACCTGGGTGTTCTTTATCGACCAGGCCCCTATTCACGGCG GTCGAGCTCAGTCCTGGCTGCGAAAGTCTCGAATTTGGGTTTGGTTCGCCGGTTACTACCC CGTCTCTCTCATCAAGTCGGCTGACCTGCCCCCTGATCGAAAGTACGTGTTCGGCTACCAC CCTCATGGTGTTATCGGTATGGGAGCCATTGCTAACTTTGCCACCGATGCTACTGGTTTCT CCACCCTCTTTCCCGGACTGAACCCTCACCTGCTCACTCTCCAGTCTAACTTCAAGCTCCC CCTGTACCGAGAGCTGCTCCTGGCCCTGGGTATCTGCTCCGTCTCTATGAAGTCTTGTCAG AACATTCTCCGACAGGGACCTGGTTCGGCTCTGACCATCGTCGTGGGAGGAGCTGCTGAGT CGCTCTCCGCCCATCCTGGAACCGCTGACCTCACTCTGAAGCGACGAAAGGGCTTCATCAA GCTCGCCATTCGACAGGGTGCTGACCTGGTGCCCGTTTTCTCCTTTGGAGAGAACGATATT TTCGGCCAGCTGCGAAACGAGCGAGGAACCCGACTCTACAAGCTGCAGAAGCGATTTCAGG GTGTGTTCGGCTTCACCCTCCCTCTGTTCTACGGACGAGGCCTCTTTAACTACAACGTTGG ACTGATGCCCTACCGACACCCTATCGTCTCGGTTGTCGGCCGACCCATTTCCGTGGAGCAG AAGGACCATCCTACCACTGCCGATCTCGAGGAGGTGCAGGCCCGATACATCGCTGAGCTGA AGCGAATTTGGGAGGAGTACAAGGACGCCTACGCTAAGTCTCGAACCCGAGAGCTGAACAT CATTGCCTAA Gene ID: NG68 Expression construct ID: pNC245 Donor Organism: Lipomyces starkeyi Gene: DGA1 Length: 410 (amino acid); 1233 (DNA) Function: diacylglycerol acyltransferase Sequence Source: http://genome.jgi-psf.org/ DNA Source: Native cDNA synthesized by GenScript Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 9): MSEKAEIEVPPQKSTFPRSVHFAPLHIPLERRLQTLAVLFHTVALPYCIGLFFLMLAFPPF WPLLVMYVIYAYGFDHSSSNGEISRRRSPLFRRLPLFRLYCDYFPIHIHREVPLEPTFPGR LREPSGLVERWIAKMFGVQDAVVEGNESDVKATANGNGTTKEIGPTYVFGYHPHGIVSLGA FGAIGTEGAGWEKLFPGIPVSLLTLETNFSLPFYREYLLSLGIASVSRRSCTNLLKHDQSI CIVIGGAQESLLAEPGTLDLILVKRRGFVKLAMSTARVSDQPICLVPILSFGENDVYDQVR GDRSSKLYKIQTFIKKAAGFTLPLMYARGIFNYDFGLMPYRRQMTLVVGKPIAVPYVAQPT EAEIEVYHKQYMDELRRLWDTYKDDYFVDHKGKGVKNSEMRFVE DNA Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 10): ATGAGTGAGAAGGCAGAGATCGAGGTTCCGCCGCAAAAATCGACATTCCCTCGCAGTGTGC ACTTCGCTCCACTTCATATTCCACTGGAGAGACGCCTACAGACTTTGGCAGTCTTATTCCA CACTGTCGCGCTACCATACTGCATCGGTCTGTTCTTTCTCATGCTCGCGTTCCCTCCTTTT TGGCCATTATTGGTAATGTATGTCATATACGCATACGGGTTCGACCACTCGAGCTCGAACG GAGAGATCTCCCGCCGGCGATCGCCGCTGTTTCGAAGACTCCCGTTGTTCAGGCTGTATTG TGATTACTTCCCCATCCACATTCACCGGGAGGTTCCGCTCGAGCCGACGTTTCCTGGTCGC CTTCGCGAACCGAGTGGCCTTGTCGAGCGGTGGATTGCGAAGATGTTCGGCGTGCAGGACG CTGTTGTCGAGGGAAATGAATCTGACGTTAAGGCCACGGCCAACGGCAATGGGACGACGAA AGAAATCGGACCGACGTATGTTTTCGGCTATCATCCGCATGGAATTGTTAGCTTGGGTGCG TTTGGTGCTATTGGTACGGAAGGCGCTGGATGGGAGAAGCTCTTTCCTGGGATCCCGGTGT CACTGCTGACTCTCGAAACAAATTTCAGCCTTCCATTTTACAGAGAGTATTTGCTGTCACT TGGGATTGCTTCAGTATCTCGACGGTCTTGTACCAATCTCCTCAAACACGACCAATCCATC TGCATCGTTATCGGCGGCGCCCAAGAGTCGCTCTTAGCGGAACCAGGCACTCTAGATCTGA TCCTCGTTAAACGTCGCGGTTTTGTCAAACTTGCAATGTCAACGGCGCGGGTATCTGACCA ACCGATTTGTCTTGTTCCGATCCTCAGTTTCGGCGAGAACGACGTGTACGACCAAGTCCGC GGGGACCGATCGTCGAAGTTGTATAAGATCCAGACTTTTATCAAGAAAGCGGCCGGGTTTA CGCTACCATTGATGTATGCGCGCGGTATATTTAATTACGACTTTGGGCTGATGCCGTACCG CAGGCAAATGACGCTCGTGGTCGGCAAGCCGATTGCAGTGCCGTACGTGGCCCAGCCTACG GAGGCTGAAATCGAAGTGTATCACAAGCAGTACATGGATGAATTGAGGAGGTTATGGGACA CGTATAAGGACGACTATTTTGTAGACCACAAGGGCAAGGGGGTCAAGAATTCCGAGATGCG TTTTGTGGAGTAA Gene ID: NG69 Expression construct ID: pNC270 Donor Organism: Lipomyces starkeyi Gene: DGA1 Length: 410 (amino acid); 1233 (DNA) Function: diacylglycerol acyltransferase Sequence Source: http://genome.jgi-psf.org/ DNA Source: cDNA codon optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica and synthesized by GenScript Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 11): MSEKAEIEVPPQKSTFPRSVHFAPLHIPLERRLQTLAVLFHTVALPYCIGLFFLMLAFPPF WPLLVMYVIYAYGFDHSSSNGEISRRRSPLFRRLPLFRLYCDYFPIHIHREVPLEPTFPGR LREPSGLVERWIAKMFGVQDAVVEGNESDVKATANGNGTTKEIGPTYVFGYHPHGIVSLGA FGAIGTEGAGWEKLFPGIPVSLLTLETNFSLPFYREYLLSLGIASVSRRSCTNLLKHDQSI CIVIGGAQESLLAEPGTLDLILVKRRGFVKLAMSTARVSDQPICLVPILSFGENDVYDQVR GDRSSKLYKIQTFIKKAAGFTLPLMYARGIFNYDFGLMPYRRQMTLVVGKPIAVPYVAQPT EAEIEVYHKQYMDELRRLWDTYKDDYFVDHKGKGVKNSEMRFVE DNA Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 12): ATGTCCGAGAAGGCTGAGATTGAGGTGCCCCCCCAGAAGTCTACTTTCCCTCGATCCGTTC ATTTCGCCCCCCTGCATATCCCCCTGGAGCGACGACTCCAGACCCTGGCTGTGCTCTTCCA CACTGTTGCCCTGCCTTACTGCATCGGACTCTTCTTTCTGATGCTCGCTTTCCCCCCTTTT TGGCCCCTGCTCGTGATGTACGTTATCTACGCCTACGGATTCGACCATTCCTCTTCGAACG GCGAGATCTCTCGACGACGATCGCCTCTGTTCCGACGACTGCCCCTCTTTCGACTCTACTG TGATTACTTCCCTATCCACATTCATCGAGAGGTCCCCCTGGAGCCTACCTTTCCTGGTCGA CTGCGAGAGCCTTCCGGACTCGTTGAGCGATGGATTGCTAAGATGTTCGGTGTCCAGGACG CCGTCGTGGAGGGAAACGAGTCTGATGTGAAGGCCACCGCTAACGGAAACGGCACCACTAA GGAGATCGGCCCTACTTACGTCTTCGGATACCACCCCCATGGCATTGTGTCCCTGGGAGCC TTTGGCGCTATCGGTACCGAGGGTGCTGGATGGGAGAAGCTCTTCCCTGGTATTCCCGTCT CGCTGCTCACCCTGGAGACTAACTTCTCCCTCCCCTTTTACCGAGAGTACCTGCTCTCTCT GGGAATCGCCTCGGTGTCCCGACGATCGTGCACCAACCTGCTCAAGCACGACCAGTCTATC TGTATTGTTATCGGAGGTGCTCAGGAGTCCCTGCTCGCTGAGCCTGGAACCCTGGACCTCA TTCTGGTCAAGCGACGAGGCTTCGTGAAGCTGGCCATGTCCACTGCTCGAGTGTCTGATCA GCCTATTTGCCTGGTTCCCATCCTCTCTTTCGGCGAGAACGACGTTTACGATCAGGTCCGA GGTGACCGATCCTCTAAGCTGTACAAGATTCAGACCTTCATCAAGAAGGCCGCTGGCTTTA CTCTCCCTCTGATGTACGCCCGAGGCATCTTCAACTACGACTTTGGTCTGATGCCCTACCG ACGACAGATGACCCTCGTTGTCGGCAAGCCTATTGCCGTCCCCTACGTGGCTCAGCCCACT GAGGCCGAGATCGAGGTCTACCACAAGCAGTACATGGACGAGCTGCGACGACTCTGGGATA CCTACAAGGACGATTACTTCGTTGACCATAAGGGCAAGGGTGTCAAGAACTCTGAGATGCG ATTTGTGGAGTAA Gene ID: NG70 Expression construct ID: pNC246 Donor Organism: Aspergillus terreus Gene: DGA1 Length: 380 (amino acid); 1143 (DNA) Function: diacylglycerol acyltransferase Sequence Source: GenBank XP_001211961.1 DNA Source: cDNA codon optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica and synthesized by GenScript Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 13): MPRNTHPPANNAGPNASHKKDRKRQGRLFQHTVPNKYSRIRWAPLNIGLERRLQTLVVLCH TLTIALFLAFFFFTCAIPLTWPLLFPYLVYITLFSTAPTSGTLKGRSDFLRSLPIWKLYTA YFPAKLHRSEPLLPTRKYIFGYHPHGIISHGAFAAFATDALGFSKLFPGITNTLLTLDSNF RIPFYREYAMAMGVASVSRESCENLLTKGGADGEGMGRAITIVVGGARESLDALPHTMRLV LKRRKGFIKLAIRTGADLVPVLAFGENDLYEQVRSDQHPLIYKVQMLVKRFLGFTVPLFHA RGIFNYDVGLMPYRRPLNIWGRPIQWRQQDRDKIDDEYIDRLHAEYVRELESLWDQWKD VYAKDRISELEIVA DNA Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 14): ATGCCCCGAAACACCCACCCCCCCGCCAACAACGCCGGACCTAACGCCTCTCACAAGAAGG ACCGAAAGCGACAGGGACGACTCTTTCAGCACACCGTTCCTAACAAGTACTCTCGAATCCG ATGGGCCCCCCTCAACATTGGCCTGGAGCGACGACTGCAGACCCTCGTCGTGCTGTGCCAT ACCCTCACTATCGCCCTGTTCCTCGCTTTCTTTTTCTTTACTTGTGCCATTCCCCTGACCT GGCCTCTGCTCTTCCCCTACCTCGTGTACATCACCCTGTTTTCGACCGCTCCTACTTCCGG TACCCTGAAGGGACGATCTGACTTCCTCCGATCGCTGCCTATTTGGAAGCTCTACACTGCC TACTTTCCCGCTAAGCTGCACCGATCCGAGCCTCTGCTCCCTACCCGAAAGTACATCTTCG GCTACCACCCCCATGGTATCATTTCCCATGGAGCCTTCGCCGCTTTTGCCACTGACGCTCT CGGCTTCTCTAAGCTGTTTCCTGGTATCACCAACACTCTGCTCACCCTGGATTCGAACTTC CGAATTCCCTTTTACCGAGAGTACGCCATGGCTATGGGAGTGGCTTCCGTTTCTCGAGAGT CGTGCGAGAACCTGCTCACTAAGGGAGGTGCTGACGGAGAGGGAATGGGCCGAGCTATCAC CATTGTTGTCGGAGGCGCCCGAGAGTCCCTCGATGCTCTGCCTCACACTATGCGACTGGTC CTCAAGCGACGAAAGGGTTTCATCAAGCTGGCCATTCGAACCGGAGCTGACCTCGTTCCCG TCCTGGCCTTCGGCGAGAACGACCTCTACGAGCAGGTGCGATCTGATCAGCACCCTCTGAT CTACAAGGTCCAGATGCTCGTGAAGCGATTCCTGGGTTTTACCGTGCCCCTGTTCCATGCT CGAGGAATTTTTAACTACGACGTTGGCCTCATGCCTTACCGACGACCCCTGAACATCGTGG TTGGTCGACCCATTCAGGTCGTGCGACAGCAGGACCGAGATAAGATCGACGATGAGTACAT TGACCGACTCCACGCCGAGTACGTCCGAGAGCTCGAGTCCCTGTGGGACCAGTGGAAGGAT GTTTACGCCAAGGACCGAATCTCTGAGCTGGAGATTGTCGCTTAA Gene ID: NG71 Expression construct ID: pNC247 Donor Organism: Claviceps purpurea Gene: DGA1 Length: 437 (amino acid); 1314 (DNA) Function: diacylglycerol acyltransferase Sequence Source: GenBank CCE28309.1 DNA Source: cDNA codon optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica and synthesized by GenScript Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 15): MAAVQVARPVPPHHHDGAGREHKGERAHSPERGEKTVHNGYGLAETHEPLELNGSAVQDGK HDSDETITNGDYSPYPELDCGKERAAHEKEAWTAGGVRFAPLRVPFKRRMQTAAVLFHCMS IILISSCFWFSLANPITWPILVPYLVHLSLSNASTDGKLSYRSEWLRSLPLWRLFAGYFPA KLHKTFDLPPNRKYIFGYHPHGIISHGAWCAFATNALGFVEKFPGITNSLLTLDSNFRVPF YRDWILAMGIRSVSRESIRNILSKGGPDSNGQGRAVTIVIGGARESLEAQPGTLRLILQGR KGFIKVALRAGADLVPVIGFGENDLYDQLSPKTHPLVHKIQMFFLKVFKFTIPALHGRGLL NYDVGLLPYRRAVNIVVGRPIQIDETYGEQPPQEVIDRYHELYVQEVERLYAAYKEQFSNG KKTPELQILS DNA Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 16): ATGGCTGCTGTTCAGGTTGCCCGACCCGTTCCCCCCCACCACCACGATGGCGCTGGCCGAG AGCACAAGGGAGAGCGAGCCCATTCCCCTGAGCGAGGAGAGAAGACCGTCCACAACGGCTA CGGTCTGGCCGAGACTCATGAGCCCCTGGAGCTCAACGGTTCTGCTGTGCAGGACGGAAAG CACGACTCGGATGAGACCATCACTAACGGTGACTACTCTCCCTACCCTGAGCTCGATTGCG GAAAGGAGCGAGCCGCTCATGAGAAGGAGGCTTGGACCGCTGGAGGTGTGCGATTCGCTCC TCTGCGAGTTCCTTTTAAGCGACGAATGCAGACTGCCGCTGTCCTCTTCCACTGCATGTCC ATCATTCTGATTTCCTCTTGTTTCTGGTTTTCTCTCGCCAACCCCATCACCTGGCCTATTC TCGTTCCCTACCTGGTCCACCTGTCGCTCTCCAACGCTTCTACTGACGGCAAGCTCTCCTA CCGATCTGAGTGGCTGCGATCCCTGCCTCTCTGGCGACTGTTCGCCGGTTACTTTCCCGCT AAGCTCCACAAGACCTTCGATCTGCCCCCTAACCGAAAGTACATCTTTGGTTACCACCCCC ATGGAATCATTTCCCATGGCGCCTGGTGTGCCTTCGCTACCAACGCTCTGGGCTTCGTTGA GAAGTTTCCTGGTATTACCAACTCGCTGCTCACTCTCGACTCCAACTTCCGAGTGCCCTTT TACCGAGATTGGATCCTGGCCATGGGCATTCGATCTGTTTCGCGAGAGTCTATCCGAAACA TTCTCTCGAAGGGAGGACCTGACTCCAACGGACAGGGCCGAGCTGTGACCATCGTTATTGG TGGAGCCCGAGAGTCTCTGGAGGCTCAGCCCGGAACTCTGCGACTCATTCTGCAGGGCCGA AAGGGCTTCATTAAGGTGGCTCTCCGAGCTGGAGCTGACCTGGTTCCCGTCATCGGTTTCG GAGAGAACGACCTCTACGATCAGCTGTCCCCTAAGACCCACCCCCTCGTTCATAAGATCCA GATGTTCTTTCTGAAGGTCTTCAAGTTTACTATTCCTGCTCTGCACGGACGAGGTCTGCTC AACTACGACGTCGGTCTGCTCCCTTACCGACGAGCTGTGAACATCGTCGTGGGACGACCCA TCCAGATTGACGAGACCTACGGCGAGCAGCCCCCTCAGGAGGTCATCGATCGATACCACGA GCTCTACGTCCAGGAGGTGGAGCGACTGTACGCCGCTTACAAGGAGCAGTTCTCGAACGGA AAGAAGACCCCCGAGCTCCAGATCCTGTCCTAA Gene ID: NG72 Expression construct ID: pNC248 Donor Organism: Aurantiochytrium limacinum Gene: DGA1 Length: 351 (amino acid); 1056 (DNA) Function: diacylglycerol acyltransferase Sequence Source: http://genome.jgi-psf.org/ DNA Source: cDNA codon optimized for expression in Y. lipolytica and synthesized by GenScript Protein Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 17): MLAWMPVLIALPRRKQTAVVLLFVMLLPMIMVVYSWTLILLIFPLTTLPTLSYLIWIMYID KSHETGKRKPFMRYWKMWRHFANYFPLRLIRTTPLDPRRKYVFCYHPHGIISLGAFGNFAT DSTGFSRKFPGIDLRLLTLQINFYCPIIRELLLYMGLCSAAKKSCNQILQRGPGSAIMLVV GGAAESLDSQPGTYRLTLGRKGFVRVALDNGADLVPVLGFGENDVFDTVYLPPNSWARNVQ EFVRKKLGFATPIFSGRGIFQYNMGLMPHRKPIIVVVGKPIKIPKIPDELKGRALSTTAEG VALVDKYHEKYVRALRELWNLYKEEYATEPKAAYLEPNSIRKNQNV DNA Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 18): ATGCTCGCCTGGATGCCTGTCCTCATTGCCCTCCCCCGACGAAAGCAGACCGCTGTTGTTC TCCTGTTTGTGATGCTCCTCCCTATGATCATGGTCGTGTACTCCTGGACCCTGATCCTGCT CATTTTCCCCCTCACCACTCTGCCTACTCTCTCCTACCTGATCTGGATTATGTACATTGAC AAGTCTCACGAGACCGGAAAGCGAAAGCCCTTTATGCGATACTGGAAGATGTGGCGACATT TCGCCAACTACTTTCCTCTCCGACTGATCCGAACCACTCCCCTGGACCCTCGACGAAAGTA CGTGTTCTGCTACCACCCCCATGGCATCATTTCCCTCGGAGCCTTCGGCAACTTTGCTACC GACTCGACTGGCTTCTCCCGAAAGTTTCCCGGTATCGATCTGCGACTGCTCACCCTCCAGA TTAACTTCTACTGTCCTATCATTCGAGAGCTGCTCCTGTACATGGGTCTGTGCTCTGCCGC TAAGAAGTCGTGTAACCAGATCCTCCAGCGAGGACCCGGCTCTGCTATTATGCTGGTTGTC GGCGGTGCCGCTGAGTCCCTCGACTCTCAGCCTGGCACCTACCGACTCACTCTGGGTCGAA AGGGATTCGTGCGAGTTGCCCTGGACAACGGTGCTGATCTGGTCCCCGTGCTCGGTTTCGG AGAGAACGACGTGTTTGATACCGTTTACCTGCCCCCTAACTCGTGGGCCCGAAACGTCCAG GAGTTCGTGCGAAAGAAGCTCGGATTCGCTACCCCCATCTTTTCCGGCCGAGGTATTTTTC AGTACAACATGGGTCTGATGCCCCACCGAAAGCCTATCATTGTGGTTGTCGGAAAGCCCAT CAAGATTCCCAAGATCCCTGACGAGCTGAAGGGACGAGCCCTCTCTACCACTGCCGAGGGC GTTGCTCTGGTCGATAAGTACCATGAGAAGTACGTTCGAGCCCTCCGAGAGCTGTGGAACC TCTACAAGGAGGAGTACGCTACCGAGCCCAAGGCCGCTTACCTCGAGCCTAACTCGATTCG AAAGAACCAGAACGTCTAA

Example 2: Recombinant yeast host cell having increased lipid production

A total of nine different DGA1 genes were expressed in Y. lipolytica under the same strong Y. lipolytica GPD1 promoter (Table 2 and FIG. 1 ). FIG. 1 shows expression construct pNC243 used for overexpression of R. toruloides DGA1 gene NG66 in Y. lipolytica. All other DGA1 expression constructs were the same as pNC243 except for the DGA1 ORFs that are described in the Table 2. DGA1 expression constructs were linearized before transformation by Pacl/NotI restriction digest (FIG. 1 ). The linear expression constructs each included expression cassette for DGA1 gene and for Natl gene, used as marker for selection with nourseothricin (NAT). Expression contracts were randomly integrated into genome of Y. lipolytica strain NS18 (obtained from ARS Culture Collection, NRRL# YB 392) using transformation protocol as described in Chen (Chen DC, et al. One-step transformation of the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1997 August; 48(2):232-5.). Transformants were selected on YPD plates with 500 μg/mL NAT and screened for ability to accumulate lipids by fluorescent staining lipid assay described below. For each expression construct eight transformants were analyzed. The results of the lipid assay are shown on the FIG. 2 . In this experiment the presence of heterologous DGA1 in Y. lipolytica was not confirmed by colony PCR. For most constructs, there was significant colony variation between transformants probably due to lack of functional DGA1 expression cassette in some transformants that only obtained functional Natl cassette, or due to negative effect of DGA1 site of integration on DGA1 expression. Nevertheless, data in FIG. 2 demonstrate that all nine DGA1 genes had significant positive effect on lipid content in Y. lipolytica. Overexpression of native Y. lipolytica DGA1 under a strong promoter increased lipid content measured by cell fluorescence by about 2-fold compared to the parental strain NS18. Transformants that demonstrated the highest fluorescence (about 3-fold higher compared to NS18) were generated by overexpression of R. toruloides DGA1 (NG66, NG67) and L. starkeyi DGA1 (NG68). The most effective DGA1 genes came from the donors that were repeatedly reported to be the most oleaginous yeast among other oleaginous yeast strains. This result may indicate that in oleaginous yeast DGA1 gene product activity and/or expression level may be the factor that determines lipid production level. In certain experiments, the effect of native R. toruloides DGA1 (NG49) overexpression on lipid production in Y. lipolytica was not as high as the effect of synthetic versions of R. toruloides DGA1 genes that did not contain introns. This result may indicate that the gene splicing of the heterologous R. toruloides DGA1 gene in Y. lipolytica was not very efficient. In certain experiments, codon optimization of R. toruloides and L. starkeyi DGA1 genes for expression in Y. lipolytica did not have positive effect on lipid production. For L. starkeyi DGA1, codon optimized version of the gene (NG69) was less effective than L. starkeyi cDNA sequence NG68 with native codons.

In order to confirm data shown on FIG. 2 and select transformants with the highest lipid production level, more transformants were screened for Y. lipolytica DGA1 gene NG15 and R. toruloides DGA1 gene NG66. For NG15, about 50 colonies were screened by lipid assay for highest lipid accumulation and the best transformant was named NS249 (data not shown). For NG66,80 colonies were screened and 8 best colonies were selected for further analysis (data not shown). Strain NS249 and 8 selected transformants expressing NG66 were grown in shake flasks and analyzed by lipid assay for lipid content and HPLC for glucose consumption (Example 6). The results of the experiment are shown on FIG. 3 . FIG. 3 demonstrated that Y. lipolytica strains overexpressing R. toruloides DGA1 have significantly higher lipid content compared to NS249 with native Y. lipolytica DGA1 gene expressed under the same promoter as R. toruloides DGA1. At the same time, NG66 transformants have significantly less glucose left in the media compared to NS249, demonstrating that NG66 was more efficient in converting glucose to lipids than Y. lipolytica DGA1 gene NG15. The difference in efficiency between two DGA1 genes may be attributed to either higher level of expression of R. toruloides DGA1 in Y. lipolytica or higher level of R. toruloides DGA1 specific activity, or both.

Example 4: Lipid assay

1. Prepare growth medium:

Urea  0.5 g/L Yeast extract  1.5 g/L Casamino Acids 0.85 g/L Yeast Nitrogen Base (YNB  1.7 g/L w/o a.a. and ammonium sulfate Glucose  100 g/L Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate 5.11 g/L (25 mM) buffer pH 5.5 Filter sterilize

2. Plate strains to analyze on YPD or other appropriate media and incubate 1-2 days at 30° C.

3. Fill autoclaved 250 mL flasks, 24-, 48- or 96-well plates with medium:

-   -   flasks: 50 mL per flask     -   96-well plate: 300 μL per well

4. Cover the flask with aluminum foil and the plates with porous covers.

5. Incubate with shaking at 30° C. for 72 to 96 hours

-   -   flasks: 200 rpm in New Brunswick Scientific     -   shaker plates: 900 rpm, 70-90% humidity in Infors Multitron ATR         shaker

6. Mix 20 μL cells with 20 μL of 100% ethanol in analytical microplate and incubate at 4° C. for 30 minutes

7. Set up master mix (80 μL per reaction):

1M Potassium Iodide  50 μL 1 mM Bodipy 493/503***   1 μL 100% DMSO 0.5 μL 60% PEG 4000 1.5 μL Water  27 μL

8. Aliquot master mix into Costar Black well/clear bottom plate (800 p L/well) 9. Add 20 μL of ethanol/cells mix and cover with transparent seal 10. Measure fluorescence with SpectraMax M2 spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices) with following setup:

-   -   kinetic assay     -   read FL 485/510 with 495 cutoff     -   mix 5 seconds before each read     -   Select Costar Black well/clear bottom plate     -   Deselect autocalibrate     -   30 min experiment, reading every minute     -   Heat chamber to 30° C.

11. Measure OD in the same plate with following setup:

-   -   Absorbance 600 nm     -   mix 5 seconds before each read     -   Select Costar Black well/clear bottom plate     -   Deselect autocalibrate     -   Heat chamber to 30° C.

Calculate normalized fluorescence by dividing fluorescence at 30 min by OD.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All of the U.S. patents, U.S. published patent applications, and published PCT applications that cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.

Equivalents

While several embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the functions and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto; the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. 

1. A method for producing a recombinant yeast cell, the method comprising the steps of: a) introducing into a yeast cell a recombinant DNA construct comprising a heterologous polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of: i. a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, or SEQ ID NO: 18, or a complement thereof, and ii. a nucleic acid molecule having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, or SEQ ID NO: 18, or a complement thereof, and b) expressing a heterologous polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: i. an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, or SEQ ID NO: 17, or a biologically-active portion thereof, and ii. a polypeptide having at least 80% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, or SEQ ID NO: 17, or a biologically-active portion thereof, and c) cultivating the yeast cell under conditions for increasing lipid production.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the yeast cell is Y. lipolytica.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid molecule having at least 95% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, and SEQ ID NO:
 18. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, and SEQ ID NO:
 8. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, and SEQ ID NO:
 17. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, and SEQ ID NO:
 7. 7-25. (canceled)
 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the recombinant yeast cell is oleaginous, high-temperature tolerant, or both.
 27. The method of claim 1, the recombinant yeast cell is grown in the presence of a substrate selected from the group consisting of glucose, ethanol, xylose, sucrose, starch, starch dextrin, glycerol, cellulose, and acetic acid.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein the recombinant yeast cell is an oleaginous yeast cell, and said oleaginous yeast cell is selected from the group consisting of Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodosporidium babjevae, Rhodosporidium paludigenum, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lipomyces tetrasporus, Lipomyces lipofer, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus terreus, Cryptococcus ramirezgomezianus, Cryptococcus wieringae, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Trichosporon cutaneum, Cunninghamella echinulata, Mortierella isabellina, Trichosporon fermentans, Cunninghamella japonica, Aurantiochytrium limacinum, Rhizopus arrhizus, Aspergillus terreus, Claviceps purpurea, Leucosporidiella creatinivora, Tremella enchepala, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Prototheca zopfii.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the oleaginous yeast cell is Yarrowia lipolytica.
 30. The method of claim 1, wherein the recombinant yeast cell is Arxula adeniovorans or Kluyveromyces marxianus. 